-- Unit containerd.service has begun starting up.
Jan 09 11:32:35 gitlab-runner-1 modprobe[36796]: modprobe: ERROR: ../libkmod/libkmod.c:586 kmod_search_moddep() could not open moddep file '/lib/modules/4.4.0-138-generic/modules.dep.bin'
Jan 09 11:32:35 gitlab-runner-1 modprobe[36796]: modprobe: FATAL: Module overlay not found in directory /lib/modules/4.4.0-138-generic
Jan 09 11:32:35 gitlab-runner-1 systemd[1]: containerd.service: Control process exited, code=exited status=1
Jan 09 11:32:35 gitlab-runner-1 systemd[1]: containerd.service: Failed with result 'exit-code'.
Jan 09 11:32:35 gitlab-runner-1 systemd[1]: Failed to start containerd container runtime.
-- Subject: Unit containerd.service has failed
-- Defined-By: systemd
-- Support: http://www.ubuntu.com/support

Решение:

vim /lib/systemd/system/containerd.service

Приводим к виду строку

 
#ExecStartPre=/sbin/modprobe overlay

Перезагружаем юнит и перезапускаем сервис

systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl restart containerd.service

Создаем /etc/docker/daemon.json и указываем

{
  "storage-driver": "vfs"
}

(файловая система может быть иная)

systemctl restart docker.service